X radiochemical

Ci (curie) = 3.7 x 10 °Bq (becquerel) 1 Bq = 1 s . ] Tritium is one of the least toxic of radioisotopes and shielding is unnecessary however, precautions must be taken against ingestion, and no work should be carried out without appropriate statutory authorization and adequate radiochemical facilities. 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis Principles of Electroanalytical Methods Potentiometry and Ion Selective Electrodes Polarography and Other Voltammetric Methods Radiochemical Methods Clinical Specimens Diagnostic Enzymology Quantitative Bioassay... 

Tritiated water (from the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham) was diluted to an activity of 5 102 mChml"1 curie = 3.7 x 1010 s 1. 2-Propanol, labelled with 14C (from Radiochemical Centre, Amersham), was diluted to 12.5 mCnml"1) with AnalaR 2-propanol, in a vacuum apparatus. 

Aromatic fluorine for halogen (F-X) exchange reactions (DMSO, 160°C, 20 min) in an [ F]fluoride-cryptand-oxalate system using 4 -halo-acetophe-nones (F, Cl, Br and I) has also been studied. The relative efficacy of the exchange is the following one F-F > F-Cl > F-Br > F-I, the radiochemical yield for the exchange F-F being similar to that of the commonly employed NO2 or +NMej displacements [113]. 

Nucleophilic astatination of halobenzenes CgHjX (X = Cl, Br, I) in homogeneous mixtures with -C4H9NH2, (C2H5)2NH, and (C2Hj>3N at 210° C has led to the formation of astatobenzene with radiochemical yields of 75-90% 143, 144). A two-step process has been postulated [Eqs. (10) and (11)], with the latter reaction [Eq. (11)] as the ratedetermining step ... 

The synthetic potential of palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions (Heck, Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira, Buchwald-Hartwig) led to the search for a practical synthesis of p-[ F]fluoroiodo- and p-[ F]fluorobromobenzene. p-[ F]Fluoroio-dobenzene (G, X = iodine) can be obtained in poor yield from p F]fluoride and a trimethylammonium precursor (P7). p-p F]Fluorobromobenzene can be prepared in a more reproducible way from 5-bromo-2-nitrobenzaldehyde (radiochemical yields > 70%). The synthesis involves a two-step procedure radiofluorination (F for NO2 substitution), then a catalysed decarbonylation [190,191]. Also very efficient is the one-step reaction of p F]fluoride with a suitable diaryliodonium salt (P6) giving >70% radiochemical yield [192-194]. 

Mechanisms and rates of transport of nuclear test debris in the upper and lower atmosphere are considered. For the lower thermosphere vertical eddy diffusion coefficients of 3-6 X 106 cm.2 sec. 1 are estimated from twilight lithium enhancement observations. Radiochemical evidence for samples from 23 to 37 km. altitude at 31° N indicate pole-ward mean motion in this layer. Large increases in stratospheric debris in the southern hemisphere in 1963 and 1964 are attributed to debris from Soviet tests, transported via the mesosphere and the Antarctic stratosphere. Most of the carbon-14 remains behind in the Arctic stratosphere. 210Bi/ 210Pb ratios indicate aerosol residence times of only a few days at tropospheric levels and only several weeks in the lower stratosphere. Implications for the inventory and distribution of radioactive fallout are discussed. 

X-ray and Coincidence Spectrometry Applied to Radiochemical Analysis of Environmental Samples... 

Tlhis paper describes the physical and radiochemical characteristics of selected debris from the Kiwi Transient Nuclear Test (TNT) (6, 7). This transient test was conducted in Nevada by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), and produced approximately 3 X 1020 fissions (1). Zero time was 1059 PST on 12 January 1965. About 5% of the reactor core was vaporized, and some 68% was converted to a cloud of particulate. The measured maximum temperature was 4250°K. (7). Large pieces of fuel rods were recovered near ground zero. 

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