World Health Organization risk management

The dioxin toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach is currently used worldwide for assessing and managing the risks posed by exposure to mixtures of certain dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). World Health Organization-TEF (WHO-TEE) values have been established for humans and mammals, birds, and (For new, refined values, see Ref. 12g.) It should be mentioned that 16 PCBs, the coplanar isomers with nonortho, monoortho, and diortho substitution by chlorine (overall, there are 209 isomers for this class of compounds) show dioxin-like toxic behavior. I-TE values are smaller, in the range of 0.0001-0.1. The most toxic isomers is 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorodiphenyl with I-TE of 0.1. Polybrominated dibenzodioxins and furans with the 2,3,7,8 pattern also show dioxin-like toxicity, but their I-TE values are lower compared to PCDD/F. 

Potable water - chemistry. 2.Water pollution, Chemical. 3.Water pollutants, Chemical. 4.Risk assessment - methods. 5.Risk management - methods. I.Thompson, Terrence. II.World Health Organization. 

World Health Organization (2008) Melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity, preliminary risk assessment and guidance on levels in food. 25 September 2008—Updated 30 October 2008. http // www.who.int/foodsafety/fs management/Melamine.pdf (last access February 25, 2014). 

Interspecies and intraspecies UFs have been used in the development of safe or threshold exposure levels for chronic, noncancer toxicity by health organizations throughout the world. Examples include the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (Lu 1988 Truhaut 1991 Lu and Sielken 1991), the tolerable daily intake (TDI) or tolerable concentration (TC) (Meek et al. 1994 IPCS 1994), the minimal risk level (MRL) (Pohl and Abadin 1995), the reference dose (RfD) (Barnes and Dourson 1988 Dourson 1996), and the reference concentration (RfC) (EPA 1994 Jarabek et al. 1990). The importance of using distribution-based analyses to assess the degree of variability and uncertainty in risk assessments has been emphasized in recent trends in risk analysis. This will enable risk managers to make more informed decisions and... 

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