Working capacity, defined

Although these examples are more specific to the Wurster process, similar guidelines can be applied to the top-spray process, in which case the definition for working capacity will be different. When dealing with the tangential-spray process, the quantity of product that is sufficient to ensure that the spray nozzles are completely immersed when the product is in motion will define the minimum starting batch weight. 

The pumping rate was adjusted according to the desired residence time, R, which is defined as the working capacity of the reactor divided by the total volume rate of flow through the reactor. For instance, if the reactor has a capacity of 3 liters, a rate of 1.5 liters per hour for each of the two solutions corresponds to a residence time of 1 hour. 

In the nineteenth centnry, a number of physicists, notably Lndwig Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell, fonnd that the physical properties of gases can be explained in terms of the motion of individual molecules. This molecular movement is a form of energy, which we define as the capacity to do work or to prodnce change. In mechanics, work is defined as force times distance. Since energy can be measured as work, we can write... 

It is also useful to have a measure of the amount of separation performed by a cascade in making Ep moles of product and E / moles of waste from Ep moles of feed. This measure is provided by the separative work S, defined in similar fashion to the separative capacity. 

The scientific definition of energy is the capacity to do work. Work is defined as the action of a force throngh a distance. For instance, when you push a box across the floor or pedal your bicycle across the street, you have done work. 

The second term in brackets in equation 36 is the separative work produced per unit time, called the separative capacity of the cascade. It is a function only of the rates and concentrations of the separation task being performed, and its value can be calculated quite easily from a value balance about the cascade. The separative capacity, sometimes called the separative power, is a defined mathematical quantity. Its usefulness arises from the fact that it is directly proportional to the total flow in the cascade and, therefore, directly proportional to the amount of equipment required for the cascade, the power requirement of the cascade, and the cost of the cascade. The separative capacity can be calculated using either molar flows and mol fractions or mass flows and weight fractions. The common unit for measuring separative work is the separative work unit (SWU) which is obtained when the flows are measured in kilograms of uranium and the concentrations in weight fractions. 

In estimating the fragility parameters, it is convenient to work in terms of an intermediate random variable known as the factor of safety F. This is defined as the ratio of the grouiiti-aeederation capacity A to the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) acceleration used in plant tlesign. 

In the next chapter, we will return to the Carnot cycle, describe it quantitatively for an ideal gas with constant heat capacity as the working fluid in the engine, and show that the thermodynamic temperature defined through equation (2.34) or (2.35) is proportional to the absolute temperature, defined through the ideal gas equation pVm = RT. The proportionality constant between the two scales can be set equal to one, so that temperatures on the two scales are the same. That is, 7 °Absolute) = T(Kelvin).r... 

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