West Pembina

Goodwin, R.D., Hydrogen Sulfide Provisional Thermophysical Properties From 188 to 700 K at Pressures to 75 MPa, NBS Report No. NBSIR 83-1694, National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology), Boulder, CO, (1983). 

Gallagher, and G.S. Kell, NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere, Washington, DC (1984). 

Incropera, F.P. and D.P. De Witt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons, New York, NY, (1990). 

Acid Gas Disposal a Field Perspective , 76 Annual GPA Convention, San. Antonio, TX, (1997). 

Wagner, A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa , /. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25,1509-1596, (1996). 

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Lakeman, B. 2008. Monitoring C02 at the Penn West Pembina Cardium Pilot. 3fd Annual Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference,... 

This section present the design and operating conditions for three acid gas injection schemes as presented in the literature. The three examples are 1. Wayne-Rosedale (Ho et al. 1996), 2. Acheson (Lock, 1997), and 3. West Pembina (Lock, 1997). 

From Lock (1997) the disposal well at the Chevron West Pembina site has a depth of 2800 m (9186 ft), and the composition of the acid gas injected is approximately 21.93% carbon dioxide, 77.17% hydrogen sulfide, and 0.90% methane (dry basis). Keushnig (1995) gives the reservoir pressure of 28.8 MPa (4177 psia). Lock (1997) gives this as "about 30 000 kPa" so the value from Keushnig (1995) will be used here. It was further estimated that the reservoir temperature was 110°C (230°F) and the injection temperature was 0°C (32°F). 

Figure 9.1 The calculated injection profile for the Chevron West Pembina Well.

Exploration Staff, Chevron Standard Limited, (1979) The geology, geophysics and significance of the Nisku Reef discoveries. West Pembina area, Alberta Canada. Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol. 27, 326-359. 

The Cardium Formation of the Pembina Field is located approximately 115 kilometres southwest of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The Pembina Field was discovered in 1953 and put on primary production in 1955. It was converted to a water flood starting in 1958. In March, 2005, a C02 monitoring pilot was initiated by Penn West Energy Trust at their C02-EOR operations within the field. C02 was injected into two wells and water into several wells around the immediate pilot area. Early in 2007, the pilot was converted to a WAG (Water Alternating Gas) EOR scheme, where on an approximately monthly basis, the injection of water and C02 are switched to the other well. 

Pembina, Alberta (Lock 1997), Wayne-Rosedale, Alberta (Ho et al. 1996), Puskwaskau, North Normandville, West Culp, and Rycroft, all in Alberta (Maddocks and Whiteside, 2004). 

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