Water Solvent Isotope Effect on Shielding

In the more general cases, analyses of shielding-versus-solvent composition curves become intractable and deductions about preferential solvation are then difficult or impossible to make. The work of Covington et al, may be a guidance in both finding which simplifying assumptions can be made in a certain situation and in evaluating the equilibrium constants. 

Wertz [237] was the first to report that there is a distinct shift to 

These authors found the isotope effect to approach tions while at high concentrations (4 M and above) 

An estimate by Loewenstein et al. [370] of the fractional isotope effect, i.e. the ratio of the isotope effect and the total shielding, was mentioned in Section 6.1 as well as its application [245] to obtain absolute shieldings of ions in solution. 

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