Water solubility applied

Volatilization. The susceptibility of a herbicide to loss through volatilization has received much attention, due in part to the realization that herbicides in the vapor phase may be transported large distances from the point of application. Volatilization losses can be as high as 80—90% of the total applied herbicide within several days of application. The processes that control the amount of herbicide volatilized are the evaporation of the herbicide from the solution or soHd phase into the air, and dispersal and dilution of the resulting vapor into the atmosphere (250). These processes are influenced by many factors including herbicide application rate, wind velocity, temperature, soil moisture content, and the compound s sorption to soil organic and mineral surfaces. Properties of the herbicide that influence volatility include vapor pressure, water solubility, and chemical stmcture (251). 

Sulfating MeS -t- 2O2 MeS04. Applied to Cu, of which the sulfate is water-soluble. 

Chlorination MeO -t- CI2 + C MeCb + CO. Applied to Mg, Be, Ti, and Zr, whose chlorides are water-soluble. The chlorine can be supplied indirectly, as in CU2S -t- 2NaCl -1-02 2CuCl -t- Na2S04. 

The largest industrial use of ultrafiltration is the recovery of paint from water-soluble coat bases (primers) applied by the wet electrodeposition process (electrocoating) in auto and appliance factories. Many installations of this type are operating around the world. The recovery of proteins in cheese whey (a waste from cheese processing) for dairy applications is the second largest application, where a... 

The co-precipitation technique starts with an aqueous solution of nitrates, carbonates, chlorides, oxychlorides, etc., which is added to a pH-controlled solution of NH4OH, allowing the hydroxides to precipitate immediately. This method requires water-soluble precursors and insoluble hydroxides as a final product. The hydroxides are filtered and rinsed with water when chlorides are employed as starting materials and chlorine is not desired in the final product. After drying the filtrate, it is calcined and sintered. This method is being applied very successfully for oxygen-ion conducting zirconia ceramics [30],... 

Emulsion polymerization has proved more difficult. N " Many of the issues discussed under NMP (Section 9.3.6.6) also apply to ATRP in emulsion. The system is made more complex by both activation and deactivation steps being bimolecular. There is both an activator (Mtn) and a deactivator (ML 1) that may partition into the aqueous phase, although the deactivator is generally more water-soluble than the activator because of its higher oxidation state. Like NMP, successful emulsion ATRP requires conditions where there is no discrete monomer droplet phase and a mechanism to remove excess deactivator built up in the particle phase as a consequence of the persistent radical effect.210 214 Reverse ATRP (Section 9.4,1,2) with water soluble dialky 1 diazcncs is the preferred initiation method/87,28 ... 

Ureides (e.g., diuron, linuron) and triazines (e.g., atrazine, simazine, ametryne) all act as inhibitors of photosynthesis and are applied to soil (see Figure 14.1 for structures). They are toxic to seedling weeds, which they can absorb from the soil. Some of them (e.g., simazine) have very low water solubility and, consequently, are persistent and relatively immobile in soil (see Chapter 4, Section 4.3, which also mentions the question of depth selection when these soil-acting herbicides are used for selective weed control). 

Induced dissolution is also a well known phenomenon and frequently applied in chemical analysis. To dissolve platinum easily it was suggested by Ropp that the sample should be alloyed with silver or copper, the alloys being easily soluble even in dilute acids. Anhydrous chromic chloride, insoluble in water and dilute acids, becomes easily soluble by adding metallic magnesium or zinc to the dilute acid . In this case the chromium(III) compound is reduced to chro-mium(II), which will be oxidized by the solvent to water-soluble chromium(III)... 

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