Water mobility during hydration

Starch annealing involves heating starches with sufficient hydration below their Tq to facilitate molecular mobility (Tester et ah, 2001). Annealing is defined as "a physical treatment that involves incubation of starch granules in excess (>60% w/w) or at intermediate (40-55% w/w) water content during a certain period of time at a temperature above the glass... 

Water mobility from molecular reorientation and diffusion. Evidence for the motion of the water molecules in crystal structures is typically provided by XH NMR (Davidson and Ripmeester, 1984). At very low temperatures (<50 K) molecular motion is frozen in so that hydrate lattices become rigid and the hydrate proton NMR analysis suggests that the first-order contribution to motion is due to reorientation of water molecules in the structure the second-order contribution is due to translational diffusion. 2H NMR has been also used to measure the reori-entational rates of water and guest molecules in THF hydrate (Bach-Verges et al., 2001). Spin lattice relaxation rates (fy) have been measured during THF hydrate... 

Ions not solvated are unstable in solutions between them and the polar solvent molecules, electrostatic ion-dipole forces, sometimes chemical forces of interaction also arise which produce solvation. That it occurs can be felt from a number of effects the evolution of heat upon dilution of concentrated solutions of certain electrolytes (e.g., sulfuric acid), the precipitation of crystal hydrates upon evaporation of solutions of many salts, the transfer of water during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions), and others. Solvation gives rise to larger effective radii of the ions and thus influences their mobilities. 

Other studies on the location and mobility of water have included the models of food freezing36 and changes in the subcellular compartmentation of apple during freezing,37 the hydration of various foods,38 and the diffusion of water in a variety of media including fruit juice and apple tissue.39... 

The ingress and expulsion of water during metamorphism, chiefly as a consequence of hydration and dehydration reacdons, may give rise to changes in the chemical composidon of the parent rock as a consequence of pardcular elements becoming mobile in the fluid. These processes are controlled by the composidon of the fluid phase, its temperature and the rado of metamorphic fluid to the host rock. 

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