Water-chloroform cosolvent

The sample can be prepared in a cosolvent, such as 5-50% acetic add in water, acetonitrile/ water, chloroform, methanol, and trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 to 25%), at a concentration of approximately 1 to 5 mg mL-1. Sample solubility in this cosolvent is crucial because it acts as a medium between the sample and the matrix. The peptide solution (1 1 pL) is dissolved directly into the matrix on the probe tip (a flat round surface approximately 2-5 mm in diameter). When large amounts of sample (hundreds of micrograms) are available, the peptide can be added directly into the matrix, followed by the addition of a cosolvent such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) which, in addition to sample matrix solubility, can also facilitate protonation. 

Binary and ternary solvent systems with water and DMSO (as a cryopreservation compound) with polar (acetonitrile) and weakly polar (chloroform) cosolvents were used during investigations of... 

In solid-liquid phase transfer processes, i.e., those reactions in which a solid reagent is phase transferred by a crown [46] or occasionally by a tertiary amine, a cosolvent is ordinarily used, regardless of whether or not the substrate is a solid. In principle, any solvent which does not itself undergo reaction (unless this is the desired end) is acceptable. The most commonly used solvents for solid-liquid phase transfer processes have been benzene (and other hydrocarbons), dichloromethane and chloroform (and other chlorocarbons) and acetonitrile. The latter solvent can be successfully utilized in solid-liquid systems whereas it should be unacceptable in liquid-liquid systems because of its miscibility with water. Chloroform and dichloromethane are commonly and successfully used, although both undergo reactions the former being readily deprotonated to yield either trichloromethide anion or carbene [38], and the latter suffering nucleophilic displacement [19b, 53, 54]. 

Sodium methoxide in methanol, often with chloroform as cosolvent, has customarily been the basic reagent employed. Less frequently, particularly with water-soluble esters, sodium or potassium hydroxide in aqueous solution has been used. Generally, an excess of the basic reagent is taken, except where the possibility of epoxide migration arises (see p. 127). In the latter situation, only a limited excess of reagent is used, at low temperature, or, alternatively, the... 

Solubihty soluble in acetone, chloroform, ethanol (95%), ether, and 1 in 3 parts of water. Dimethyl ether is generally miscible with water, nonpolar materials, and some semi-polar materials. For pharmaceutical aerosols, ethanol (95%) is the most useful cosolvent. Glycols, oils, and other similar materials exhibit varying degrees of miscibility with dimethyl ether. 

The encapsulation of a larger hydrophobic model substrate was successfully realized utilizing highly fluorescent QDs. The enclosing of these nanoparticles inside the PB-h-PEO polymersomes was performed only via the film rehydration procedure because the preferred dispersant of QDs, chloroform, is immiscible with water and therefore not suitable for the cosolvent method. The rehydration procedure for QDs was done analogously to that for the Nile Red samples. Afterwards, filtration through 0.45-pm filters ensured a smaller vesicle size regime, which is important for further characterization. Absorption and emission spectra indicated the presence of QDs in the vesicle solution after filtration (Fig. 65). 

Figure 21 Lithium ion solvation number ( ec) against the mole fraction of EC in several cosolvents. Circles propylene carbonate triangles chloroform squares water. (Reprinted from Ref. 346.)... 

Solution blending, in situ polymerization, and melt blending are three processing techniques used for preparing polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. In solution blending, a polymeric solution is prepared and layered silicates are swollen in a cosolvent (water, toluene, chloroform, etc.). By mixing the polymeric and silicate nanolayers solutions. 

Uses Emollient, moisturizer, pigment wetting agent/dispersant, refatting agent, counterirritant, cosolvent, solubilizer in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals Features Increases water vapor porosity of fatty components Properties Gardner 2+ color sol. in acetone, castor, corn, and min, oil, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol pour pt. 5 C acid no. 0.30 ref index 1456 Wickenol 535 [AIzo]... 

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