Waste lignins

Most electricity from biofuels is generated by direct combustion. Wood fuels are burned in stoker boilers, and mill waste lignin is combusted in special burners. Plants are generally small, being less than 50 MW in capacity. There is considerable interest in combustion of biomass in a process called cofiring, when biomass is added to traditional fuels for electricity production. Cofiring is usually done by adding biomass to coal, but biomass also can be cofired with... 

It is based on the total utilization of waste lignin, first as binding... 

The underlying reaction mechanism is the crosslinking of lignin via oxidative polymerization catalyzed by the phenoloxidase. The production of this adhesive includes the total utilization of waste lignins a) directly as one component of the binding system and b) indirectly as nutrient source of the phenoloxidase-producing fungi. 

The effects of systematic replacement of lignin OH groups by 0P(0)(0H)2 or P(0)(0H)2 groups instead of SO3H are not well documented. Derivatives of this kind might have useful applications and serve as an outlet for the large quantities of waste lignin at present produced. 

A.V. Maldhure, A.R. Chaudhari, J.D. Ekhe, Thermal and structural studies of polypropylene blended with esterified industrial waste lignin. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 103 (2) (2011) 625-632. 

Why is it difficult to deal with lignin as a sonrce of chemical feedstocks What is the current main use of waste lignin ... 

---