Spacecraft, Voyager

Some of the elements of war have found a place in peacetime. The same kind of reaction in uranium that makes an atomic bomb explode can be controlled to make electricity in a nuclear power plant. The Cassini spacecraft now orbiting the planet Saturn runs on plutonium fuel. Plutonium-based fuel was also used to power devices that the Apollo 14 astronauts left on the Moon, such as a seismometer left to detect movements of the Moons crust. The Voyager spacecraft also sent its golden record out to the stars with... 

When the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft passed through the Jovian system in the 1970 s a much more intense radiation environment was found than was expected. The particle radiation consisted of energetic ions trapped in... 

How long does it take a radio signal from the Voyager spacecraft to reach Earth if the distance between Voyager and Earth is 2.72 X 10 km ... 

The two Voyager spacecraft completed their planetary missions in late 1989, 12 years after they left Earth s surface. Even though their primary missions had ended, they did not lose their value to astronomers. They continued in flight beyond the orbit of Neptune, into the outermost reaches of the solar system. Scientists expect... 

Satellites bodies Space-shuttle manipulating arm Satellite solar-array, wings, and substrate Space antennas and reflectors Voyager-spacecraft high-gain antenna Optical benches for space telescopes Space mirrors... 

The Voyager spacecraft detected two distinct classes of nonthermal emissions from Saturn at frequencies below... 

The Voyager spacecraft detected a wide variety of radio emissions from Uranus during its encounter in January... 

The Voyager spacecraft detected a variety of low-frequency radio emissions from Neptune during its encounter in 1989. The emissions were similar to those observed from the other major planets. 

With the advent of cryogenic detectors thermoelectric elements have lost most of their importance, except for applications where the use of cryogens is not necessary or not possible. The latter was the case for the Voyager spacecraft, where the use... 

The Voyager spacecraft has a large plate mounted on the main bus so that the instruments on the scan platform can view the plate almost normally. The surface of the aluminum plate is chemically etched and scatters light in all directions when illuminated by the Sun. From the visible to 20 /tm, the scattering characteristic is that of a near perfect Lambertian diffuser, as verified by laboratory measurements one or two years before launch. Exposure of the calibration plate to sunlight requires a complex maneuver of the spacecraft Since the telemetry antenna does not point in the Earth direction at that time, such calibration sequences cannot be performed frequently. Cahbrations have been carried out a month or so before and after each planetary encounter, except following the Saturn encounter by Voyager 2, where... 

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