Volumetric throughput

Catalytic kinetic resolution can be the method of choice for the preparation of enantioenriched materials, particularly when the racemate is inexpensive and readily available and direct asymmetric routes to the optically active compounds are lacking. However, several other criteria-induding catalyst selectivity, efficiency, and cost, stoichiometric reagent cost, waste generation, volumetric throughput, ease of product isolation, scalability, and the existence of viable alternatives from the chiral pool (or classical resolution)-must be taken into consideration as well... 

A single CSTR of volume V is to be replaced in an emergency by three tanks of volumes V/2, 3V/8, and y/8. If the same performance with a given reaction and throughput is to be achieved, how should the tanks be arranged, and how should the total volumetric throughput... 

Further solution is not possible without information on the volumetric throughput of the benzene phase. 

In a test on a centrifuge all particles of a mineral of density 2800 kg/m3 and of size 5 xm, equivalent spherical diameter, were separated from suspension in water fed at a volumetric throughput rate of 0.25 m3/s. Calculate the value of the capacity factor E. 

Volumetric throughput Universal gas constant (Running) time Dimension of time Velocity... 

In most cases, Murchison and Hutton being no exception, very high oil-removal efficiencies can be achieved with a reject ratio of -1 %. However, while this holds true for the majority of cases, the required reject rate is obviously influenced by the level of inlet contamination and may be related to the volumetric throughput and centrifugal separation forces. At lower flow rates, lower specific-gravity differences, or with small droplet sizes, it is likely that the central core will be less dense and some of the smaller, slower-moving droplets would not be captured In these cases, an increase in the reject rate beyond the characteristic breakpoint previously mentioned is likely to be of more benefit... 

When the residence time, r, is known from the reactor volume and the volumetric throughput, v, and the temperature inside the reactor is measured, the reaction rate can be determined from the concentration, c, of a component in the reactor, and c in the feed. 

The differential reactor uses a thin catalyst bed in which only small changes of concentration and temperature occur (Fig. 3.3-3). The rate of reaction, r, can be obtained from the difference in concentration, Ac, over the catalyst bed or its thickness, Ax, the volumetric throughput, v, or the molar throughput, nges, and the quantity of catalyst, WK, using the material balance ... 

Dilution rate in continuous fermentation, generally equal to the specific growth rate p and is given by the ratio of volumetric throughput to liquid volume in the fermenter (See Section 5.11.3). 

Target quantities power consumption P, axial screw force F, pumping pressure Ap, temperature of the extrudate expressed in temperature difference AT = T — To, and volumetric throughput Q... 

Substituting eqn. (6.18) into eqn. (6.16), we arrive at the volumetric throughput for a single screw pump with a particular die, described by... 

It is possible to relate the total volumetric throughput, Q, to u using... 

Although the above solution satisfies our requirements, it leads to a very small volumetric throughput. However, in industry there are various scaling rules that are used for extruder systems which compromise one or the other requirement. We cover this in more detail in Chapter 4 of this book. 

Figure 2.3.4 shows the dynamic development of the co-rotating extruders with the increase in volumetric throughput over time. It also includes the milestones in the development and process engineering operations and their respective starting points. 

The flow characteristics of Big Beads may also be useful when processing very large volumes under conditions requiring an extremely high volumetric throughput. Flow velocities in these situations can exceed 1000 cm/h. 

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