Vibrational spectroscopy diffuse-reflection Fourier-transform infrared

Both chemical and physical processes take place during calcination and activation. Ligand decomposition from the metal complex can be monitored with in situ vibrational spectroscopy, for example, using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). In the case of a transition metal ion, the metal oxidation state can be tracked as a function of time and temperature using in situ UV-vis spectroscopy. Finally, the formation of metal clusters and nanoparticles can be monitored using XRD, similar to that described for the synthesis of silicalite-1. 

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