Versus subtraction

EXAFS data are multiplied by ( = 1, 2, or 3) to compensate for amplitude attenuation as a function of k, and are normalized to the magnitude of the edge jump. Normalized, background-subtracted EXAFS data, versus k (such as... 

Figures Background-subtracted, normalized, and ili -weighted Mo K-edge EXAFS, versus k (A ), for molybdenum metal foil obtained from the primary experimental data of Figure 2 with Eq = 20,025 eV.

Fig. 3.15, The CARS spectrum rotational width versus methane density for various values of parameter y (1) y = 0, (2) y = 0.3, (3) y = 0.5, (4) y = 0.7, (5) y = 0.75, (6) y = 0.9, (7) y = 0.95, (8) y = 1. Curves (4) and (6) are obtained by subtraction of the dephasing contribution from the line width calculated taking account of vibrational broadening. The other dependences are found assuming purely rotational broadening (vibrational relaxation neglected).

Figure 6. Area of the first peak In difference curve of the Pt Ljjj edge versus absolute temperature for 1% Pt on Cabosll in H2. The high temperature measurement (773 K) was subtracted from each of the other spectra.

Figure 7. Comparison of (a, solid) electrochemical and (b, dashed) UHV measurements of the H, coverage/potentiaI differential versus potential on Pt(lll).1.) cathodic sweep (25 mV/s) voltammogram in 0.3 M HF from Ref. 20, constant double layer capacity subtracted, b.) dB/d(A ) versus A plot derived from A versus B plot of Ref. 26. Potential scales aligned at zero coverage. Areas under curves correspond to a.) 0.67 and b.) 0.73 M per surface Pt atom.

A common consideration is the presence of water vapor, H20(g). Water generates a vapor pressure, which varies with the temperature. Daltons law is used in these cases to adjust the pressure of a gas sample for the presence of water vapor. The total pressure (normally atmospheric pressure) is the pressure of the gas or gases being collected and the water vapor. When the pressure of an individual gas is needed, the vapor pressure of water is subtracted from the total pressure. Finding the vapor pressure of water requires measuring the temperature and using a table showing vapor pressure of water versus temperature. 

When plotting the variations in absorbance or fluorescence intensity versus x, it is convenient to subtract the absorbance or fluorescence intensity that would be measured in the absence of cation at every concentration, i.e. Y0(1 x). In this... 

Fig. 24. Average backbone (N, a C, carbonyl C) values in both structures.

The contribution of diffusion to the rate does not follow rate saturation. Therefore, as one proceeds toward carrier saturation with substrate S, the rate will not simply reach a plateau, as is most often the case for one-substrate enzymes operating on extremely slow uncatalyzed reactions. Instead, a plot of v versus [S] will continue to rise with a constant slope, equal to /cd. It is usually a simple matter to extrapolate this noncarrier-mediated contribution back to each time-point for which a measurement was obtained and to obtain the corrected carrier-mediated rate by subtraction of the diffusional contribution. 

Electrochemical and subtractively normalized interfacial FTIR studies of 4-cyanopyridine adsorption on Au(lll) electrode [245] have shown that this compound is totally desorbed at potentials lower than —0.7 V versus SCE. At less negative potentials, the molecules were flatly oriented n bonded) on the surface and reoriented to the vertical position, when potential approached OV. At potentials higher than 0.05 V, adsorption of 4-cyanopyridine becomes dissociative and the compound is partially hydrolyzed to isonicotinamide. 

Fig. 3 The results of studies of electrosorption of bromide on the Ag(lOO) surface. The scattered intensities, after background subtraction, are shown at (1 /2,1 /2) and (0,1) versus the applied potential. The corresponding cyclic voltammogram (10 mV s ) is shown at the bottom [83].

The above reactions occur only when Na+ is vulnerable to release via IEX reactions. Therefore, the structure of the glass (molecular arrangement of glass species) clearly impacts the overall hydrolysis rate. In order to visualize the impact of glass structure on IEX rates, consider Fig. 3. This figure is a plot of the normalized Na IEX rate, in which the contribution of Na from matrix dissolution, NamaIrix, is subtracted out (i.e., NamatrjX — Na Iix), versus the amount of excess ... 

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