Venous thromboembolism epidemiology

Epidemiological studies indicate that elevated plasma tHcy increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (43,44), In homocystinuria, the presence of the factor V Leiden mutation further increases the risk of thromboembolism (45). It has been proposed that hyperhomocysteinemia might interfere with the inhibition of activated factor V by activated protein C, possibly via similar effects as those caused by the factor V Leiden mutation (46,47), However, one in vitro study (48) and one large clinical study failed to demonstrate an association between hyperhomocysteinemia and activated protein C resistance (49). 

Kim V, Spandorfer J (2001) Epidemiology of venous thromboembolic disease. Emerg Med Clin North Am 19 839-859... 

Plu-Bureau G, Maitrot-Mantelet L, Hugon-Rodin J, Canonico M. Hormonal contraceptives and venous thromboembolism an epidemiological update. Best Pract Res Qin Endocrinol Metab 2013 27(l) 25-34. 

Sartwell PE, et al. Oral contraceptives and relative risk of death from venous and pulmonary thromboembolism in the United States an epidemiologic case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1969 90 365. 

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