Vascular models

In continuum models, blood vessels are not modeled individually. Instead, the traditional heat conduction equation for the tissue region is modified by either adding an additional term or altering some of the key parameters. The modification is relatively simple and is closely related to the local vasculature and blood perfusion. Even if the continuum models cannot describe the point-by-point temperature variation in the vicinity of larger blood vessels, they are easy to use and allow the manipulation of one or several free parameters. Thus, they have much wider applications than the vascular models. In the following sections, some of the widely used continuum models are introduced and their validity is evaluated on the basis of the fundamental heat transfer aspects. 

Brinck, H., and Werner, J., 1994, Estimation of the Thermal Effect of Blood Flow in a Branching Countercurrent Network Using a Three-dimensional Vascular Model, ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 116 324-330. 

Vascular Models Equilibration Lengths Countercurrent Heat Exchange Heat Transfer Inside of a Blood Vessel... 

Most vascular models are based on the assumption that the behavior of blood flowing in a blood vessel is formally similar to that of a fluid flowing steadily in a roughly circular tube (see Figure 6.1), that is [8],... 

One of the most useful concepts that arises from the simple vascular model presented above is the equilibration length Le> which may be defined as the characteristic length over which the blood at an inlet temperature T.0 equilibrates with surrounding tissue at a constant temperature Tt- The solution for Equation 6.3 and Equation 6.4 under these conditions is given by... 

Duschek N, Assadian A, Lamont PM, Klemm K, SchmidU J, Mendel H, Eckstein HH Simulator training on pulsatile vascular models significantly improves surgical skills and the quality of carotid patch plasty. J Vase Surg 2013 57 1148-1154. 

Introduction and Conceptual Challenges Basic Concepts Vascular Models Models... 

The calcification of atherosclerotic plaques may be induced by osteopontin expression, since osteopontin is a protein with a well-characterized role in bone formation and calcification. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration on osteopontin is dq endent on the integrin av 33 and antagonists of av 33 prevent both smooth muscle cell migration and restenosis in some animal model [8]. 

Watanabe M, Shin oka T, Tohyama S, et al. Tissue-engineered vascular autograft Inferior vena cava replacement in a dog model. Tissue Eng, 2001, 7, 429 39. 

A 3D model of the fibrinogen-derived (very late antigen-4, VLA-4) inhibitor 4-[N -(2-methylphenyl)ureido]phenylacetyl-Leu-Asp-Val was derived from the X-ray structure of the related integrin-binding region of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). A 3D pharmacophore was generated with the program Catalyst, and a 3D search was performed in 8624 molecules from... 

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