Vanadium phytotoxicity

Vanadium phytotoxicity under field conditions is extremely rare (Gough etal. 1979). However, under artificial conditions, vanadium concentrations up to 0.5 mg L in the nutrient solution and 140 mgkg in the soil solution may be toxic to plants. 

Wallace A, Alexander GV, Chaudhry FM. 1977. Phytotoxicity of cobalt, vanadium, titanium, silver, and chromium. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 8 751-756. 

The phytotoxicity of vanadium (chlorosis and dwarfing) tends to appear at vanadium levels of 2 mgkg DM (Davis et al. 1978). 

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