Vacuum system, design removable surfaces

There are many reasons for surface treatment of the fibers. In one process,introduction of functional groups is described. The equipment designed for this process includes a cleaning vessel, a vacuum drier, and a plasma treatment vessel. The fiber is first treated with a solvent, which is subsequently removed in the vacuum drier to remove all residual solvent. The surface is then modified by a plasma treatment. Cleaning removes dirt from the natural fibers and impurities from man-made fibers. Water, hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons are used in an enclosed system. Surface etching and cleaning techniques which were used in the past released solvents and other materials to environment, especially because the fibers were not sufficiently dried. 

Compressed air shall not be used to remove lead from any surface unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air. Figure 4.6 shows the parts of a vacuum with a HEPA filter that is intended for use in lead-hazard conditions. Figure 4.7 shows an example of proper cleaning procedures. 

A common feature of all of these methods is that measurement is carried out in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) (<10 torr) thus any electrode surface to be examined must be removed from the cell, possibly rinsed, dried of solvent, and then place in vacuo. Electrodes cannot be examined in situ, since liquids will absorb and block the beams of electrons and ions. The sample must be transferred into a system where there is no electrolyte. This always raises the possibility that the analyzed interface differs significantly from the one in the cell, which is the actual point of interest. For example, hydrated solids will lose water in vacuum and may change composition. Also, exposure of the electrode to the air during transfer can cause oxidation of surface species. Special apparatus has been designed to minimize the problems of exposure to the atmosphere by allowing the sample to be removed from the cell in an inert atmosphere and moved directly into the UHV (Figure... 

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