Using Images to Cross-check Fouling Models

Using Images to Cross-check Fouling Models 

From a top-down image it is impossible to ascertain whether the initial fouling occurs within the membrane pores, or at the openings of the pores. This can only be achieved using profile or side-on images. A side view of an internally fouled cylindrical pore membrane would consist of alternating vertical bands of fluorescence and darkness. The fluorescence bands are pores with protein deposited within them and the dark bands are nonporous areas, or pores that do not have any protein deposited within them. When a significant cake has formed on top of the membrane this is visible. 

---