Use and Maintenance of Battery Systems

Voltage Capacity Total Energy Cycle Life (80%DOD) Total Lifetime Energy 

During the normal use and maintenance of a battery system, they are neither destroyed nor dissipated nor do they emit any harmful substances. Battery systems may be sealed or vented. If they are sealed, then no emissions occur during normal use and maintenance. If they are vented, then water vapor, hydrogen gas or oxygen gas may be vented, depending on the system and whether it is charging or discharging. A 1994 report (Stockholm Environmental Institute 1994), for example estimated that the dissipation rates for both industrial and consumer NiCd batteries were 0.01 percent per year. The International Cadmium Association believes, based on surveys of its NiCd battery producer members, that the dissipation rates are virtually zero, or so low as to be undetectable. 

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