Urinary tract infection enuresis with

Distinction should be made between monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna and incontinence. Patients with persistent and severe monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna despite treatment should undergo kidney and bladder ultrasound and VCU as well, if there are positive ultrasound findings and/or a history of urinary tract infection. In wetting children (daytime with or without nighttime urinary incontinence) with urinary tract infection with/without urge, kidney and bladder ultrasound and a VCU have to be performed as well. Assessment of potential stool retention has to be part of the imaging studies. 

According to Leung et al. (2007) nomograms of total renal volume, urinary bladder volume index and bladder volume wall thickness index are described as useful indicators of bladder dysfunction in children with enuresis and urinary tract infection (Yeung et al. 2007). 

In primary monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna and in children with minor wetting before treatment and without irritative voiding symptoms and without urinary tract infection, VCU should not be performed. 

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