University of Tokyo Nuclear

Because it involves more accelerating structures with multiple RF frequencies and phase relationships, and a high-performance electron gun source to inject the electrons in about one nanosecond, a sub-harmonic pre-buncher adds a lot of cost and complexity of operation ofthe linac facility. Consequently, only a few pre-bunched picosecond linacs were built for pulse radiolysis studies. The first one was installed at Argonne National Laboratory in the 1970s [2] subsequently other picosecond installations were built at the University of Tokyo Nuclear Energy Research Laboratory (NERL) in Tokai-Mura [3,4] and Osaka University [4].Very recently, a new pre-bunched linacfor pulse radiolysis has been built at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics. 

To collect this volume of data, linear accelerators with nanosecond time resolution were, and still are now, routinely used around the world. Faster, picoseond linac machines were built first in Toronto and then at Argonne National Laboratory. Picosecond accelerators for pulse radiolysis have been in use for nearly three decades at Argonne, at the Osaka University Radiation Laboratory, and the University of Tokyo Nuclear Engineering Research... 

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