Uncertainty of data

Conclusions from Holland (2005) Imbalance within uncertainty of data Nonsteady state supported by data Nonsteady state supported by data Outputs likely underestimated Nonsteady state supported by data Imbalance within uncertainty of data ... 

Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) A system of procedures, checks, and audits to judge and control the quality of measurements and reduce the uncertainty of data. Some quality control procedures include having more than one person review the findings and analyzing a sample at different times or using different laboratories to see if the findings are similar Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) A process that relies on mathematical modeling and estimations usually derived from animal test results and the probability of risk for a chemical substance at the low dose to which the human population is normally exposed Radionuclide A nuclide with radioactive properties... 

Glass transition temperature, Tg, and storage modulus, E , were measured to explore how the pigment dispersion affects the material (i.e. cross-link density) and mechanical properties. Both Tg and E were determined from dynamic mechanical analysis method using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA, TA Instruments RSA III) equipped with transient testing capability. A minimum of 3 to 4 specimens were analyzed from each sample. The estimated uncertainties of data are one-standard deviation. 

Despite these complications, the main removal mechanisms of major ions from seawater are known (Table 6.2). Quantifying the importance of each mechanism is less easy and the uncertainty of data in Table 6.2 should not be forgotten. The amount of removal is compared with the riverine inputs resulting in a geochemical budget that helps constrain the quality of the data. In the following section we outline the important removal processes for major ions in seawater. 

Because of the large uncertainty of data exceeding but close to the above limit, the report recommends that such individual values be reported as detected (D) with limits of detection indicated rather than reported as numbers. The reason for this is to emphasize the semi-quantitative nature of such data and to discourage over-interpretation by unsophisticated users. For ex-... 

In Figure 2.14 the integral heats of adsorption (AH, cp. (2.36)) per unit mass of sorbent (m = 1 g) are shown as functions of the Gibbs excess mass of n-butane adsorbed. Data were taken for 4 temperatures. Measurements at T = 323 K were performed twice. Uncertainties of data are about three times the size of the graphical symbols presenting data points. The experiments performed with the GSC so far indicate that the sensitivity of measurements decreases with increasing temperature but increases with decreasing thermal conductivity of both the sorptive gas and the sensor gas used in the SGC. 

Abstract The physical principles and experimental techniques of pure gas- and multicomponent gas adsorption measurements by the gravimetric method are outhned. Two beam microbalances and the magnetic suspension balance are considered. Several examples are given and uncertainties of data are discussed. Pros and cons of the gravimetric method are outhned. Lists of symbols. References. 

In Figure 3.10 equilibrium adsorption data of pure gases (CO2, CH4, CO, N2) on activated carbon NORTT R1 EXTRA at pressures (p < 6 MPa) and temperatures 298.15 K are shown [3.27], [3.28]. The mol numbers of Gibbs excess amounts adsorbed per unit mass of sorbent are depicted as function of sorptive s gas pressure (and temperature). Relative uncertainties of data are about (<7 ge/ ge) 1 Measurements were performed with a two beam... 

Both, traditional and new measurement methods for gas adsorption equilibria are presented in Chaps. 2-6 and elucidated by quite a number of experimental data sets, most of them having been measured in our laboratories. Special emphasis is given to uncertainties of data and pros and cons of all measurement methods are given to the best of our knowledge. Also the basic concepts underlying interpretation of measurements and calculations of adsorbed masses from measurement signals, are discussed in Chap. 1. 

Uncertainty of data relates to the observations of nature or society. The observer is uncertain abont what has aetnally been observed, or about the measurements taken. 

The result is a deterministic design yielding to a robust structure, under consideration of dynamical structural behavior and uncertainty of data and information. 

There is a poor treatment of uncertainty of data and sensitivity of the assessments to this. 

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