Uncertainty excessive

In many process-design calculations it is not necessary to fit the data to within the experimental uncertainty. Here, economics dictates that a minimum number of adjustable parameters be fitted to scarce data with the best accuracy possible. This compromise between "goodness of fit" and number of parameters requires some method of discriminating between models. One way is to compare the uncertainties in the calculated parameters. An alternative method consists of examination of the residuals for trends and excessive errors when plotted versus other system variables (Draper and Smith, 1966). A more useful quantity for comparison is obtained from the sum of the weighted squared residuals given by Equation (1). 

Note that while the ToF information is relatively consistent, the amplitude is varying considerably between the measurement points. This confirms the uncertainty related to the amplitude information which, in this works serves only to locate the area in which the measurements should be taken typically measurements are limited to within the range of signal amplitudes in excess of 30% of the peak value. 

The uncertainties given are calculated standard deviations. Analysis of the interatomic distances yields a selfconsistent interpretation in which Zni is assumed to be quinquevalent and Znn quadrivalent, while Na may have a valence of unity or one as high as lj, the excess over unity being suggested by the interatomic distances and being, if real, presumably a consequence of electron transfer. A valence electron number of approximately 432 per unit cell is obtained, which is in good agreement with the value 428-48 predicted on the basis of a filled Brillouin polyhedron defined by the forms 444, 640, and 800. ... 

At 2 ppm 2 of 10 individuals with asthma showed changes in Raw and SGaw in excess of 30%. Uncertainty Factors used in MRL derivation ... 

Individuals and companies that buy insurance products could be stimulated to address climate change-seeking mechanism to facilitate mitigation of GHG emissions and adaptation to the inevitable impacts of climate change [16]. In addition, the insurance companies themselves are motivated to take significant actions to mitigate GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity to reduce overall uncertainty and other barriers to insurability and are also motivated to limit the insurers potential exposure to catastrophic risks in excess of their capacity to avoid the potential for property and liability claims in excess. 

Key questions in these treatments are the constancy of a (or P) and the nature of the reaction site at the micellar surface. Other questions are less troubling for example the equations include a term for the concentration of monomeric surfactant which is assumed to be given by the cmc, but cmc values depend on added solutes and so will be affected by the reactants. In addition submicellar aggregates may form at surfactant concentrations near the cmc and may affect the reaction rate. But these uncertainties become less important when [surfactant] > cmc and kinetic analyses can be made under these conditions. In addition, perturbation of the micelle by substrate can be reduced by keeping surfactant in large excess over substrate. 

Nickel oxide is a classical nonstoichiometric oxide that has been studied intensively over the last 30-40 years. Despite this, there is still uncertainty about the electronic nature of the defects present. It is well accepted that the material is an oxygen-excess phase, and the structural defects present are vacancies on cation sites. Although it is certain that the electronic conductivity is by way of holes, there is still hesitancy about the best description of the location of these charge carriers. 

When comparing the predictions of the APM with the experimental data one should always keep in mind that d and p are subject to errors amounting to 0.02 and 0.01 respectively this fact may introduce quite large uncertainties in the calculated excess functions. For example, assuming the validity of the combinations rules, one has the approximate form for g 32... 

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