Ultrasound-Assisted Crystallization Sonocrystallization

Crystallization in the presence of an ultrasonic wave (sonocrystallization) exhibits a number of features specific to the US wave that clearly distinguishes it from crystallization in its absence. For most materials, such features include, (a) faster primary nucleation, which is fairiy uniform thorough the sonicated volume (b) relatively easy nucleation in materials which are usually difficult to nucleate otherwise (c) the initiation of secondary nucleation and (d) the production of smaller, purer crystals that are more uniform in size. 

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Castro M, Capote P (2007) Ultrasound-assisted crystallization (sonocrystallization). Ultrason Sonochem 14(6) 717-724... 

Some of the reports are as follows. Mizukoshi et al. [31] reported ultrasound assisted reduction processes of Pt(IV) ions in the presence of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant. They found that radicals formed from the reaction of the surfactants with primary radicals sonolysis of water and direct thermal decomposition of surfactants during collapsing of cavities contribute to reduction of metal ions. Fujimoto et al. [32] reported metal and alloy nanoparticles of Au, Pd and ft, and Mn02 prepared by reduction method in presence of surfactant and sonication environment. They found that surfactant shows stabilization of metal particles and has impact on narrow particle size distribution during sonication process. Abbas et al. [33] carried out the effects of different operational parameters in sodium chloride sonocrystallisation, namely temperature, ultrasonic power and concentration sodium. They found that the sonocrystallization is effective method for preparation of small NaCl crystals for pharmaceutical aerosol preparation. The crystal growth then occurs in supersaturated solution. Mersmann et al. (2001) [21] and Guo et al. [34] reported that the relative supersaturation in reactive crystallization is decisive for the crystal size and depends on the following factors. 

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