Ultrasonic irradiation Reformatsky reaction

The Reformatsky reaction (Equation (4)) with aldehydes can be achieved in almost quantitative yield using either a low-intensity cleaning bath (LIU) or a high-intensity probe sonicator (HIU), which makes this reaction one of the first organometallic reactions studied under ultrasonic irradiation because of the difficulties in metal activation under silent conditions. 

Organometallic reagents may be formed by ultrasonic irradiation [55]. The Reformatsky reaction, in the presence of iodine, proceeds in high yield in minutes at 25-30°C with ultrasonic erosion of ordinary zinc dust in dioxane (Eq. 9.15) [56]. The same reaction under conventional conditions proceeds over several hours to give 61% yield. 

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