Ultrasonic atomic spectroscopy

M.B. Denton, J.M. Freeiin and T.R. Smith, Ultrasonic, Babington and Thermospray Nebulization, in J. Sneddon (Ed.), Sample Introduction in Atomic Spectroscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988. 

CETAC Technologies. Ultrasonic Nebulisation of Liquid Samples for Analytical ICP Atomic Spectroscopy, South Shields CETAC. 

Fassel V. A. and Bear B. R. (1986) Ultrasonic nebulization of liquid samples for analytical ICP atomic spectroscopy, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 41 1089-1113. 

Duyck, C., Miekeley, N., Porto da Silveira, C. L., and Szatmari, P., Trace Element Determination in Crude Oil and Its Fractions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using Ultrasonic Nebulization of Toluene Solutions, Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 57, 2002, pp. 1979-1990... 

Figure 20-8 (a) Ultrasonic nebulizer lowers the detection limit for atomic spectroscopy for most elements by an order of magnitude, (b) Mist created when sample is sprayed against vibrating crystal. (Courtesy Cetac Technologies, Omaha, NE.]... 

Heavy metals, boron (B(V)), arsenic and total phosphorus were determined in the fraction < 20 pm to improve the comparability of the results. This fraction was separated from the freeze-dried and non-milled samples by ultrasonic sieving (Ackermann 1980). Metals were analysed after microwave-assisted digestion with aqua regia at 180 °C in closed vessels by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (mercury) and hydride atomic absorption spectroscopy (arsenic). 

K. E. LaFreniere, G. W. Rice, and V. A. Fassel, Flow Injection Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Critical Comparison of Conventional Pneumatic, Ultrasonic and Direct Injection Nebulization. Spectrochim. Acta Pt. B—At. Spec., 40 (1985) 1495. 

Chemical analysis of polymers typically deals with monomers or functional groups rather than constituent atoms. Thermal infrared and laser optical Raman spectrometry are the typical tools (36) (see Test Methods Vibrational Spectroscopy), but frequently, specific specimen size or form is required. For physical properties, mechanical and sonic/ultrasonic NDT methods are available (see above). Molecular mass distribution and related properties of polymers, or fiber or particle volume fraction and distribution for PMC, are usually determined destructively (see Test Methods). 

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