Ultra-small devices

The ultra small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) extends the accessible structure towards the micrometer range. Time-resolved measurements require a synchrotron beam that is intensified by an insertion device (Sect. 4.2.2). 

The simple geometric metering scheme shown in Fig. 11.4 has been used to develop a highly efficient microfluidic device for protein crystallization in ultra-small volume reactions. The crystallization chip implements 144 simultaneous metering and mixing reactions while consuming only 3.0 pL of protein solution. A layout of the chip (Fig. 11.5) shows 48 reaction centers (Fig. 11.4), each consisting of three pairs of microfluidic reaction chambers with relative volumes of 1 4, 1 1 and 4 1. 

One expectation has focused on the unique structure of DNA and hypersensitive conductivity dependence on the base composition as fundamental wires in ultra-small scale electronic circuits,Combination of the DNA-structure with attached redox or other functional groups would add other electronic features resembling amplification, rectification, and switch properties such as observed recently. Such expectations are, however, fraught with prodigious challenges relating to the physical discrepancy between the aqueous biological media for natural DNA-function and the completely different environment required for DNA-function in putative electronic devices. 

Ultrasonic transducer Mechano-electrical transduction device USANS Ultra small angle neutron scattering USAXS Ultra small angle X-ray scattering UV Ultra violet... 

Vandaveer et al. [9] proposed anodic stripping voltammetry to measure fluids with ultra-small volume. The advantages of this method are avoiding optical detecting devices, fast and easy and suitable for irregular shapes of fluid flows. 

In principle, calibration methods of ultra small-volume droplets include static weighing method, comparing to standard volume and calibration by high-accuracy velocity measurement. Traditional optical devices, microscopes, stroboscopes, etc., are still the main measurement method for pL fluid volume calihration, and the accuracy is about 0.1 pL. Novel measurement techniques are needed for calibration of sub-picoliter fluid volume. 

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are concerned by the understanding of matter and the conception of devices on an ultra-small scale, respectively. It is difficult to establish the early stages as first proposed by Richard Feynman, but the growing interest in nanosciences emerged during the 1980s with the invention of the... 

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