Turner Sterility

Turner, F.B., P. Licht, J.D. Thrasher, P.A. Medica, and J.R. Lannom, Jr. 1971. Radiation-induced sterility in natural populations of lizards (Crotaphytus wislizenii and Cnemidophorus tigris). Pages 1131-1143 in D.J. Nelson (ed.). Radionuclides in Ecosystems. Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology. May 10-12, 1971, Oak Ridge, TN. Vol. 1. Available from Natl. Tech. Infor. Serv., Spring-field, VA 22151. 

Lead dichloride occurs in nature as the mineral cotunnite. The compound is used in making many basic chlorides, such as Pattison s lead white. Turner s Patent Yellow, and Verona Yellow, used as pigments. Also, it is used as a flux for galvanizing steel as a flame retardant in nylon wire coatings as a cathode for seawater batteries to remove H2S and ozone from effluent gases as a sterilization indicator as a polymerization catalyst for alpha-olefins and as a co-catalyst in manufacturing acrylonitrile. 

Turner s Syndrome. In Turner s syndrome (XO 45 chromosomes), there is a congenital absence of the gonads, and the ovaries exist only in the form of slender streaks of connective tissue. The patients affected by the Turner syndrome are phenotypically females and have a vagina and uterus. However, at puberty they do not menstruate (amenorrhea), and their breasts never develop. Needless to say they are sterile, in contrast to XO mice, which can procreate. Without female hormones negative feedback is abolished, and, as a result, these patients excrete large amounts of gonadotropins in the urine [88, 89]. 

Other Sex Chromosomal Anomalies. A number of chromosomal anomalies other than XO lead to sterility and amenorrhea in women. They include deletion of the short or long arm of the X chromosome and deletion of the short arm with duplication of the long arm ring formation. Deletion of the long arm has no effect on stature, and neither does it lead to the development of the other congenital anomalies often associated with Turner s syndrome, but it does cause amenorrhea and sterility. In contrast, deletion of the short arm leads to typical Turner s syndrome. Thus, although both arms of the chromosome are needed for normal development of the ovary, only the short arm is needed for normal development of stature. 

Various soil extraction procedures utilizing a range of inorganic and organic solvents, extraction times, and soil sterilization procedures have been used to extract phenolic acids from soils (Guenzi and McCalla 1966 Turner and Rice 1975 Chou... 

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