Tubular bridges

Fairbairn, W., An Account of the Construction of the Britannia And Conwy Tubular Bridges, John Weale, London, 1849. 

In fact tubular bridges required a profligate use of materials and were a stopgap response, co-existing with early yet far more efficient forms of space structures. 

John Rapley, The Britannia and other Tubular Bridges, 2003, p. 113. The obsolescence of a structural form is seldom traced so well. The very rapid demise of tubular constmction makes it a good case study. 

Rapley, J. (2003) The Britannia and Other Tubular Bridges And the Men Who Built Them. Gloucestershire NPI Media Group. 

Fig. 6. Britannia Tubular Bridge. The girders were continuous over the four spans and entry to the cells was possible only at the ends of the bridge...

Sand production from loosely consolidated formations may lead to erosion of tubulars and valves and sand-fill in of both the sump of the A/ell and surface separators. In addition, sand may bridge off in the tubing, severely restricting flow. The presence of sand production may be monitored by in-line detectors. If the quantities of sand produced become unacceptable then downhole sand exclusion should be considered (Section 9.7). 

Figure 16-10 shows a plan of a bridge structure for supplying the Krakatau steel works in Indonesia [20]. The tubular piles are between 25 and 30 m in length. In designing the cathodic protection, a surface area of 4 x 10 m was calculated. The piles... 

To obtain polyrotaxanes of Type 5, a dinitrophenyl-based BG was also introduced by reaction of the end groups. Polyrotaxane 40 further reacted with epi-chlorohydrin in basic solution to give a tubular structure (48) in which the adjacent CDs were linked together by bridges (chemical bonds). Upon cleavage of the BG, the linear polymer was removed to afford a molecular nanotube (49) [81]. 

The ceramic 64-channel reactor of Rodemerck et al. [28-30] bridges the gap between micro- and macroscopic fixed-bed reactors (Fig. 4.11). The catalyst containers consist of a massive tubular disc of alumina with borings for the catalyst powder clamped between two massive cordierite discs. This set-up can be operated up to 550 °C at pressures of up to 3 bar. 

Acute tubular necrosis can occur in the course of a hepatobiliary disease. In an aetiopathogenetical context, hypoxia, hypotension, nephrotoxins and so far undefined biochemical substances are deemed responsible. The outcome is a disruption in the reabsorption of sodium and water the urine is less concentrated (isosthenuria). There is a greater excretion of sodium (> 30 mEq/1) and of beta-2 microglobulin in the urine. Acute, yet in principle reversible renal failure can develop. Therapy thus consists of bridging the phase of insufficiency temporarily by dialysis. 

Chapter five introduces highly organized, quasi one-dimensional crystals, namely micellar rod and vesicular tubular fibres. They are compared to equally fascinating liquid threads found in viscoelastic gels and to phospholipid tubules. These membraneous assemblies build a bridge to the secondary structures of... 

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