Triplet ground state temperature solution

Since most of the carbenes 1 have triplet ground states, ESR spectroscopy allows to see the unpaired electrons and determine the local symmetry at the carbene center and the amount of spin delocalization.13-18 Most of the ESR spectra of carbenes reported in the literature have been recorded in organic glasses or powder samples at temperatures between 4 and 77 K. Many carbenes are slightly colored and exhibit characteristic absorptions extending to the visible region of the spectrum. UV/vis spectroscopy not only provides information on the excited states of carbenes, which in many cases are the reactive species during precursor photolyses, but also links low temperature spectroscopy to LFP in solution at room temperature. 

Pioneering work of Dowd on trimethylene methane [142], 1,8-naphthoquinodi-methane diradicals were among the first examples of non-Kekule 7r,7r-diradicals that were found to be persistent in their triplet ground state at cryogenic temperatures and were thoroughly characterized by various spectroscopic methods [143], Time resolved studies of diradicals have provided lifetimes and reactivities of numerous diradical intermediates in solution [144], y-irradiation of CAN, 68, in haloalkane glasses at 77 K yielded radical cation 68 + its electronic absorption spectrum has been obtained and represents first report of absorption spectrum of an ionized diradical [145]. Irradiation at >640 nm converted it into an isomer identical with that formed by ionization of 1,4-dihydro-l,4-ethanonaphtho[l,8-rfe][l,2]diazepine 70, and subsequent irradiation of the radical cation at A > 540 nm. Results identified the photo isomer of 68 + to be 69 + (Scheme 4). 

The photolysis of aryl azides in low-temperature matrices yields triplet (ground) state nitrenes which have been identified by and absorption spectroscopy. Dinitrenes and trinitrenes have also been reported in the solid-state photolysis of di- and triazides. Quantum yields of photolysis of some aromatic azides are listed in Table 21 and it appears that nitrenes are produced in solution, at room temperature, as well. The lifetimes of some aromatic nitrenes and the absolute rates of some of their reactions have been measured . Some interesting features of photolytic azide decompositions will now be briefly described. 

ESR parameters for triplet carbenes15 and nitrenes16 have been summarized, and it has been shown that phenylnitrene is produced predominantly (87-88%) in the singlet state by direct photolysis of phenyl azide in low-temperature matrices.17 The first spectroscopic observation of a singlet nitrene has been reported nanosecond-laser photolysis of 1-azidopyrene gives the S0 nitrene (Amax 450 nm) which has a lifetime of 22 nsec at room temperature (in benzene) and 34 nsec at 77 K in rigid solution. At room temperature it decays to the triplet ground state (Tj, Amax 415 nm) with a rate constant of about 4.4 x 107 sec. Tt is formed directly by biacetyl sensitized photolysis of the azide. The lifetime of the excited triplet (T2) was about 7 nsec. T dimerizes to azopyrene.18... 

A two-electron oxidation of allenes (1) (A = S, NMe) has been found to yield carbenes (2) (Scheme 1) dimerization and reaction with (2,2,6,6-tetraamethyl-piperidin-l-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) support a triplet ground state as predicted by computations. Triplet diphenylcarbenes bearing bulky substituents at the para positions have been generated and studied in rigid matrixes at low temperatures by electron spin resonance (ESR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as by laser flash photolysis (LFP) in solution at room temperature. Their reactivity upon LFP was shown to be dominated by dimerization unless triplet carbene quenchers (such as oxygen and cyclohexadiene) were present. 

The third process sensitive to heavy-atom perturbation is the radiative decay from the triplet to the ground state (phosphorescence). Since phosphorescence is commonly not observed in fluid solution at room temperature, the rate of phosphorescence in the presence of heavy-atom perturbation relative to the rate of intersystem crossing and nonradiative decay need not be considered. At low temperatures in a rigid glass, however, phosphorescence... 

The low temperature spectroscopy (Tables 3 and 4) and laser spectroscopy of BFL unveil a ground state triplet carbene. This carbene is consumed in cyclohexane solution with a half-life of 260 ps (Table 5). The major product of this reaction is that expected from the direct insertion of the carbene into a... 

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