Triboelectric charging films

For powders and granular solids, there are two types of antistatic agents surface- and volume-active additives. Surface-active agents, which increase the surface conductivity of individual particles, are effective because triboelectric charge is always situated on the surfaces of individual particles. Most if not all surface-active agents are hygroscopic and thus attract a thin film of water to the surface it is this moisture that is responsible forthe increased surface conduction (van Drumpt, 1991). The effective bulk resistivity of the particles % -may be estimated by assuming that the particles are spherical and of radius R (Jones, 1995). 

A second adverse effect of van der Waals adhesion is a tendency of carrier and photoconductor surfaces to become coated with a thin film of toner residue—a film which progressively impairs the efficiency of toner charging and photoreceptor performance. Salaneck et al. (57) have reported that material transfer amounting to as little as 1 atom/10 surface sites is measurable as a shift in "triboelectric" charging behavior ... 

DYED SULFONATED POLYSTYRENE FILMS RELATIONSHIP OF TRIBOELECTRIC CHARGING MOLECULAR ORBITAL ENERGY LEVELS... 

Figure 9. Triboelectric charging of sulfonated polystyrene films as a function of depth or extent of sulfonation. extent of sulfonation.

Figure 11. Triboelectric charging of sulfonated polystyrene films...

Figure 13. Semilogrithmic plot of triboelectric charging of fully dyed sulfonated polystyrene films (2x10 moles/g) as a function of the oxidation potential of the dye.

Figure 15. Triboelectric charging of dyed sulfonated polystyrene films vs. sum of oxidation and reduction potential of dyes to estimate Fermi level of nickel.

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