Traumatic acid generation

Another important LPO product of linoleic acid is hexanal. It is generated from 13-HPODE as well as from 9-HPODE a similar rearrangement reaction as outlined in Scheme 9 starting with 9-HPODE generates hexanal and 12-oxo-9-dodecenoic acid, which suffer rearrangement of the double bond to traumatic acid (Scheme 11) [205]. 

Scheme 11 Generation of hexanal and traumatic acid from 13-HPODE...

Glutamate-mediated calcium influx results in stimulation arachidonic acid release from neural membrane glycerophospholipids. This release is catalyzed by CPLA2 and PLC/DAG-lipase pathway (McIntosh et al., 1998 Schuhmann et al., 2003 Shohami et al., 1987, 1989 Wei et al., 1982 Dhillon et al., 1996 Homayoun et al., 1997, 2000). Arachidonic acid release occurs in traumatic as well as fluid percussion models of brain injury (FPI). Enzymic oxidation of arachidonic acid generates prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromoboxanes whereas non-enzymic oxidation produces isoprostanes and ROS which include superoxide and hydroxyl radicals (Farooqui and Horrocks, 2007). 

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