Trapping in n-Doped Conducting Polymers

Charge-trapping during consecutive n-doping of ECP was abundantly reported for 

The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Electrochemical Doping of Oiganic Polymers and Ion-Insertion into Inorganic Host Materials 

Ionic limitation or 0 X 1 and excess of mobile electronic carriers 

We first consider a situation where the number of accessible sites for PT + is 

Note that the chemical potential of the counter-ions, is written in a dilute solution approximation as saturation of concentration at high doping level is postulated for the polarons only. 

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