Transvenous pacing complications

Stokes K, Chnrch T The elimination of exit block as a pacing complication using a transvenous steroid eluting lead (Abstract). PACE 1987 10 748. 

Murphy JJ. Current practice and complications of temporary transvenous pacing. BrMedJ 1996 312 1134. 

Bradof J, Sands MJ Jr, Lakin PC. Symptomatic venous thrombosis of the upper extremity complicating permanent transvenous pacing reversal with streptokinase infusion. Am Heart J1982 104 111 2—1113. 

To approach an extraction procedure with more consciousness, it is important to be aware of the complications related to human body response after implantation of a pacing or defibrillating lead [46]. When a transvenous permanent lead is implanted, it stays in close contact with some points of the venous endothelium and endocardium. At these points, the lead may be responsible of chronic traumatism on the endothelium/endocardi-um, causing an inflammatory response of the vessel or endocardial wall, with thrombus formation and subsequent scarring [47-49]. 

Byrd CL (2007) Managing device-related complications and transvenous lead extractions. In Ellenbogen KA, Kay GN, Wilkoff BL, Lau CP (eds.) Clinical cardiac pacing, defibrillation and resynchronization therapy (3rd edn) Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 855-930... 

Nicolosi GL, Channel PA, Zanuttini D. Large right atrial thrombosis. Rare complication during permanent transvenous endocardial pacing. Br Heart J 1980 43 199 201. 

Mehta D, Nayak HM, Singson M, Chao S, Pe E, Camunas JL, and Gomes JA. Late complications in patients with pectoral defibrillator implants with transvenous defibrillator lead systems high incidence of insulation breakdown. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 21 1893-1900. 

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