Transportation applications, field-failures

Given the near ubiquitous use of Li-ion batteries, field-failures may result in significant proj)erty damage and may also prove dangerous to users, not to mentimi the enormous costs of the recalls they have prompted. Furthermore, the advent of new transportation and statirMiaiy applicatirms employing cells larger than those used in portable applications, and often with many cells in series, raises the threat of even more severe outcomes. 

The aerospace field is a broad one and has a complex history. A comprehensive review of structural adhesive applications on currently flying aerospace vehicles alone could fill its own book. Hence this chapter will concentrate on the aerospace commercial transport industry and its use of adhesives in structural applications, both metallic and composite. Both primary structure, that is structure which carries primary flight loads and failure of which could result in loss of vehicle, and secondary structure will be considered. Structural adhesives use and practice in the military aircraft and launch vehicle/spacecraft fields as well as non-structural adhesives used on commercial aircraft will be touched on briefly as well. 

If a dense homogeneous membrane is used instead of a microporous one the process is called thermo-osmosis. In comparison to membrane distillation no phase transition occurs, and the separation characteristics and mechanism are completely different.When a concentration difference is applied across a homogeneous membrane, the process is called dialysis. The most important application of dialysis is in the medical field for the treatment of patients with kidney failure. Transport takes place by diffusion and separation is obtained through differences in diffusion rates becau.se of differences in molecular weight. 

---