Transduction free energy

Calculation of Conformational Free Energies for a Model of a Bilobal Enzyme Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to protein substrates and are regulatory elements of most known pathways of signal transduction. 

Eisenberg, E. Hill, T.L. (1985). Muscle contraction and free energy transduction in biological systems. Science 227,999-1006. 

H. V. Westerhoff and K. van Dam, Thermodynamics and Control of Biological Free Energy Transduction, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1987. 

T. L. Hill, Free Energy Transduction in Biology, Academic Press, New York, 1977. 

Hill, T.L. Free Energy Transduction and Biochemical Cycle Kinetics, Springer-Verlag New York, 1989. 

Westerhoff, H.V. and Van Dam, K. (1987) Thermodynamics and Control of Biological Free-energy Transduction. (Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division)). 

Figure 13.12. Energy Transduction by Membrane Proteins. The Na+-K+ ATPase converts the free energy of phosphoryl transfer into the free energy of aNa+ ion gradient. The ion gradient can then be used to pump materials into the cell, through the action of a secondary transporter such as the Na+-glucose symporter.

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