TPR temperature-programmed

TPRS Temperature-programmed Same as TPD reaction spectroscopy [174] Spectroscopy of Emitted Neutrons Same as TPD... 

TPRS = temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy XRD = X-ray diffraction BET = Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (specific BET surface area) and BJH = Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method (determination of pore volume and diameter), both determined by nitrogen physisorption NMR= characterization by solid-state NMR. 

Abbreviations CCD, charge-coupled device DEXAFS, dispersive extended X-ray absorption fine structure EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure QEXAFS, quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure TPR, temperature-programmed reaction XRD, X-ray diffraction XAFS, X-ray absorption fine structure. 

The heterogenization of MAO-activated Nd(z 3-C3H5)3 dioxane on MAO-functionalized Si(>2 was reported by T. Riihmer et al. [307]. In situ DRIFT (= diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform) spectroscopy and TPRS (= temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy) were employed... 

When the system is used in pulse mode, it allows the measurement of heats of adsorption of a gaseous reactant on a solid or interaction heats between a gaseous reactant and pre-adsorbed species. When used as a flow reactor, it allows the kinetic study of catalytic reactions as well as the study of the activation or the aging of the catalyst. This is also a suitable system to perform calorimetric temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) or temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. In addition to calorimetry, temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of adsorbed probe molecules can in principle also be used to estimate heats of adsorption [19]. 

TPR, Temperature-programmed reaction XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy IR, infrared spectroscopy H NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy UV-vis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ESR, electron spin resonance spectroscopy TPD, temperature-programmed desorption EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy Raman, Raman spectroscopy C NMR, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. 

The TPR (Temperature Programmed Reduction) experiments were carried out on some C-PtZn and on the S-Pt-Zn catalysts. The samples were heated in 1%H2 in Ar (30 ml/min) from room temperature to 500°C at 8°C/min while H2 consumption was recorded. From the TPR profiles of Pt and Pt-Zn coimpregnated or successively impregnated samples only one peak was observed at about 280°C even in the presence of zinc. Quantitatively the amount of H2 consumed corresponds to the reduction of Pt02 to metallic Pt. The reduction temperature was the same in all case i.e. in the presence or absence of zinc. This can signify that there is no interaction between platinum and zinc probably due to the small quantity of added zinc in the catalyst (about... 

Temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed Ar heating (TPAr) and extent of reduction experiments were all performed in a Perkin Elmer thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) Model TGA 7 described elsewhere [22]. H2 chemisorption measurements were eonducted using a flow chemisorption method and apparatus described by Jones and Bartholomew [24]. Activity measurements and high-pressure steam treatments were conducted in a fixed-bed microreactor described elsewhere [22]. A Micromeritics Gemini 2360 surface analyzer was used to measure N2 adsorption at liquid N2 temperature for BET surface area measurements. A Micromeritics Tri-Star 3000 analyzer with N2 adsorption was used to obtain the pore size distribution. 

The TPRS (temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy) study of the products formed after exposure of (CH2 OH)2 to the Ag(llO) surface covered with showed that in the reactions of adsorbed primary 0CH2CH20(a) species, with surface 0(a) atoms besides H2 0, (CH20H)2 and (CHO)2 evolved at 255, 365 and 380 K, in addition, at 300 K H2C 0 and at 415 K and H2 are also produced. Oxygen... 

DRX - x-ray diffraction TPR - Temperature programmed reaction MEV - Scanning electronic microscopy TEM - Transmission Electronic microscopy T>n - Thiele modulus rj - Effectiveness factor - Global effectiveness factor E f = Height bed at minimum fluidization mf = void fraction at minimum fluidization Ps = density of solid p = density of gas fh - bubble fraction fe - emulsion fraction of gas ki - interface coefficient (mfl nr bed x h) u - mean velocity collision velocity Ub - superficial velocity (m/s)... 

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