Tongue, taste buds

The sense organs for taste located in the epiglottis, palate, pharynx, and tongue. Taste buds are excited by chemical substances in the food we eat. We can detect four types of taste (1) salty, (2) sweet, (3) bitter, and (4) sour. Taste sensations from these taste buds help regulate the diet Much of what we usually call taste is actually smell. 

When food contains both sweet and bitter substances, the temporal pattern of reception, ie, the order in which sweet and bitter tastes are perceived, affects the total quaUtative evaluation. This temporal effect is caused by the physical location of taste buds. The buds responding to sweet are located on the surface and the tip of the tongue, the bitter in grooves toward the rear. Therefore, the two types of taste buds can be activated sequentially. 

Simultaneous stimulation of the tongue with the appHcation of different taste stimuli produces an interaction, modification, or blending of the stimuli in some instances but not in others. Warm and cold sensations are reported to act similarly on the tongue in two groups bitter, warm, and sweet and sour, cold, and salty (24). The theory of the specificity of the taste buds may be subject to modification (25). 

In the tongue, ENaC is expressed in taste bud epithelial cells. The expression of a, (3 and y subunits at the apical membrane of taste buds is observed under low salt diet, known to greatly increase plasma aldosterone. This observation suggests that ENaC could play a significant role in the transduction of salt sensation. 

FIGURE 50-7 Rattongue, taste papillae and taste buds. (A) Surface of the rat tongue showing location of the taste papillae. (B) Cross-section of the three main types of taste papillae fungiform, foliate and vallate. (C) The taste bud contains 50-100 taste cells, including receptor cells and basal cells. 

In humans, sensors for taste are collected in structures known as taste buds. Your mouth contains about 10,000 taste buds the majority are located at various sites on your tongue. The remainder are found in the pharynx, epiglottis, and at the entrance to the esophagus. Each taste bud senses and reacts to all five primary taste sensations. I want to dispel an old, untrue but widely held belief that different parts of the tongue are devoted to different tastes. It just isn t so, regardless of what you might have been taught or otherwise have been led to believe. 

The detailed mechanism of its taste-inducing behavior is still unknown. It has been suggested that the miraculin molecule can change the structure of taste cells on the tongue. As a result, the sweet receptors are activated by acids, which are sour in general. This effect remains until the taste buds return to normal. 

In the processing of foods and additives, rheological and mechanical properties, which determine end use properties are of primary significance. These properties are also related to others such as the impact of taste. Taste is the perception on the taste buds on the surface of the tongue, and colloidal properties will thus have an important role. Gels are also known to be used in many food products. The stability of food products is determined by colloidal stability in many systems (Dickinson, 1992 Friberg, 1976). 

An experimental difficulty lies in the fact that there are only a few thousand taste buds in the tongue, with only 50-100 cells in a bud. They age rapidly, having a lifespan of only about ten days.924 There may be only 30,000-50,000 hard-to-isolate taste receptor cells on the tongue s surface.923 However, very recently published reports describe a large family of bitter and sweet receptors in mice and humans924-928 and in Drosophila.929 930 The sweet-sour receptors are thought to activate a G protein called gustducin,931/932 which plays a role similar to that of transducin in vision and... 

In biological taste reception, taste substances are received by the biological membrane of gustatory cells in taste buds on tongue (Figure 1). Then the information on taste substances is transduced into an electric signal, which is... 

This lesson on acids and bases includes hands-on activities such as cleaning pennies, using pH indicators, making invisible ink, and mapping the tongue s taste buds. 

Figure 3. Location of some oral chemosensory receptor systems. Taste buds (schematic upper right) are found on specialized papillae on the tongue and scattered on the palate and posterior oral structures. Free nerve endings are found...

Figure 5. flower,) Diagram of the peripheral and central connections of a sensory ganglion cell innervating the taste buds of the tongue, (upper) Illustration of the connections of sensory ganglion cells and the pulse signals used to encode sensory... 

Salty Ant. Tongue, Palate NaCl, KC1 Taste buds Geniculate... 

Sweet2 Post. Tongue Dihydrochalcone Taste buds Petrous... 

Metallic Tongue Silver Nitrate Taste buds ( ) Petrous... 

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