Tokuyama

Boutorine A S, Tokuyama H, Takasugi M, Isobe H, Nakamura E and Helene C 1994 Fullerene-oligonuoleotide oon]ugates—photoinduoed sequenoe-speoifio DNA oleavage Angew. Chem. 106 2526-9... 

Irie K, Nakamura Y, Ohigashi H, Tokuyama H, Yamago S and Nakamura E 1996 Photooytotoxioity of water-soluble fullerene derivatives Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 60 1359-61... 

Tokuyama H, Yamago S, Nakamura E, Shiraki T and Sugiura Y 1993 Photoinduoed bioohemioal aotivity of fullerene oarboxylio aoid J. Am. Chem. See. 115 7918-9... 

The Tokuyama Soda single-step catalyst consists of a zirconium phosphate catalyst loaded with 0.1—0.5 wt % paHadium (93—97). Pilot-plant data report (93) that at 140°C, 3 MPa, and a H2 acetone mole ratio of 0.2, the MIBK selectivity is 95% at an acetone conversion of 30%. The reactor product does not contain light methyl substituted methyl pentanes, and allows MIBK recovery in a three-column train with a phase separator between the first and second columns. 

The DADC monomer is available from several manufacturers, such as PPG Industries (CR-39 ), Akzo (Nouryset 200), Enichem (RAV) Rhone-Poulenc (XR-80), Tokuyama Soda (TS-16), and Mitsui Toatsu (MR-3). 

A Hquid-phase variation of the direct hydration was developed by Tokuyama Soda (78). The disadvantages of the gas-phase processes are largely avoided by employing a weakly acidic aqueous catalyst solution of a siHcotungstate (82). Preheated propylene, water, and recycled aqueous catalyst solution are pressurized and fed into a reaction chamber where they react in the Hquid state at 270°C and 20.3 MPa (200 atm) and form aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Propylene conversions of 60—70% per pass are obtained, and selectivity to isopropyl alcohol is 98—99 mol % of converted propylene. The catalyst is recycled and requites Htde replenishment compared to other processes. Corrosion and environmental problems are also minimized because the catalyst is a weak acid and because the system is completely closed. On account of the low gas recycle ratio, regular commercial propylene of 95% purity can be used as feedstock. 

Applications. In 1994, approximately 675,000 metric tons of amorphous precipitated sihca were manufactured for sale (38,62). Degussa, J. M. Huber, and PPG in the United States and in Europe, and Akzo (Germany), Aluflour (Sweden), Crosfield (United Kingdom), Nippon Sihca (Japan), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), Shionogi (Japan), Tokuyama Soda (Japan), and Vitro PQ (Mexico) are the primary producers. 

The two largest global producers of trichlorosilane are Wacher in Europe and Dow Coming in the United States. In addition, there are three primary producers in Japan Tokuyama Soda, Mitsubishi Materials, and Osaka Titanium. 

Hercules and B. F. Goodrich are no longer in the polyether manufacturing business. In 1986, Hercules sold its polyether elastomer operation to B. F. Goodrich, which, after operating it for several years, in turn sold it and their whole specialty elastomer division to Zeon Chemicals USA, Inc., in 1989 (14). Zeon Chemicals USA, Inc., is a subsidiary of the Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd. At the present time, manufacture of polyethers is done by Zeon Chemicals in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Nippon Zeon in Tokuyama, Japan, and Daiso in Mizushima, Japan. Total production is estimated to be 13,000 to 15,000 tons per year. 

Tokuyama Soda, Tokyo cation and anion Neosepta and Neosepta-E ... 

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