TMO Organization in Glasses

Studies performed on alkali phosphate glasses with low content of transition metals, showed that the TM ions (vanadium, chromium, titanium, iron and others) are predominantly found in octahedral coordination, which can be related to a more modifier character of TM ions, as previously reported [68, 76, 77]. Bianconi et al. [78] observed that at low V2O5 concentration (ca. 5mol%) vanadium exists only as six folded V +. This is the more common coordination for ions and it is 

Also copper as TM ion has been largely studied [13, 81, 82] in order to understand how the addition of copper oxide affects the chemical and physical properties of glasses. 

Particular attention has been focused on how this TMO could improve mixed electronic-ionic conduction as well as how it could develop fast ion conductivity (FlC) in glasses [36]. 

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