Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Thorium

The elements of group IVa of the periodic system are titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium. Some of the properties of the elementary substances are given in Table 19-8. 

Some Properties of Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, and Manganese and Their Congeners 

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Fig. 1. Global distribution of seabed mineral deposits, where x represents chromite + barite titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium tin I gold, platinum, and silver 3 sand and gravel shell, calcium carbonate gems marine polymetaUic sulfides phosphorites Cl cobalt cmsts S sulfur and B...

The hot-wire process was developed by Van Arkel and de Boer [V2], who used it to produce the first pure, massive specimens of many refractory metals, notably titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium. An interesting account of early uses of this process is given in... 

The titanium group comprises titanium, zirconium, hafnium and thorium. 

Bear, J., McTaggart, F. K., The sulphides, selenides, and tellurides of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium. II. Chemical properties,... 

Sodium peroxide facilitates the separation of uranium and other metals with sodium carbonate. The addition of the peroxide alone to acid solutions of Iron, cobalt, rare earths, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium causes their precipitation while uranium. If present, remains In solution. 

I W Titanium(IV), Zirconium, Hafnium and Thorium Table 10.8 Literature thermodynamic data for baddeleyite and Zr(s) at 25 °C. 

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