Titanium ionic strength dependence

Yamamoto et al. (1978) proposed the use of an antibody-coated titanium dioxide electrode to detect HCG in the urine of pregnant women. However, the measured potential of such sensors also depends on buffer composition, pH, and the ionic strength of the sample. Moreover, nonspecific adsorption of proteins at the transducer surface falsifies the measurement. This means that the accuracy of the analysis depends on the ratio of specific and nonspecific interactions. 

Presently, it is not known whether dissolution of a surface layer serves to create or remove active catalytic sites. In earlier work (Palmer and Drummond 1986), acetic acid solutions were exposed to a well-crystallized (yellow) titanium oxide surface and significantly slower kinetics were observed although with continuous use the surface returned to the typical blue oxide sheen, and the kinetics of decarboxylation reverted to the faster rates observed originally. Acetate forms strong complexes with transition metal ions, particularly at elevated temperatures (Palmer and Drummond 1988 Giordano and Drummond 1991). The stability of these complexes is directly dependent on acetate concentration, pH, and the inverse of ionic strength. 

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