Tissue damage indirect

In addition to direct tissue damage, visible light can create indirect hazard through effects such as glare. 

Accidental local infiltration of potent alpha agonists such as norepinephrine may lead to tissue ischemia and necrosis if not promptly reversed infiltration of the ischemic area with phentolamine is sometimes used to prevent tissue damage. Overdose with drugs of abuse such as amphetamine, cocaine, or phenylpropanolamine may lead to severe hypertension because of their indirect sympathomimetic actions. This hypertension will usually respond well to alpha-blockers. Sudden cessation of clonidine therapy leads to rebound hypertension (Chapter 11) this phenomenon is often treated with phentolamine. 

Length and size of CNTs seriously affect their cytotoxicities (Sato et al., 2005 Cui et al., 2007). CNTs of 825 nm in length caused stronger inflammation in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 than CNTs of 220 nm in length, as shown in Fig. 9.5. However, histological observation as shown in Fig. 9.6, showed that no severe inflammatory response such as necrosis, white cells aggregates, etc. This result indirectly shows that CNTs can cause noninflammatory damage to local tissues. 

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