Time-variant objects

Incremental Impedance for Nonlinear, Time-Variant Objects... 

DFWM (Fisher 1983) is in fact a real-time variant of optical holography, which has been known since the sixties of the 19 century two laser beams (here, forward pump and object beam) are overlapped coherently imder a small angle 0. They induce in a nonlinear medium with susceptibility an interference pattern (grating), which contains information about the amplitude and phase relations between the contributing waves. This information is recovered via Bragg scattering using a third beam (backward pump) and gen-... 

There are different variants of the conjugate gradient method each of which corresponds to a different choice of the update parameter C - Some of these different methods and their convergence properties are discussed in Appendix D. The time has been discretized into N time steps (f, = / x 8f where i = 0,1, , N — 1) and the parameter space that is being searched in order to maximize the value of the objective functional is composed of the values of the electric field strength in each of the time intervals. 

Objects play several roles, each of which may have several variants. We don t want a separate class to implement every combination of all the variants—for example, a Person can be a Full-time or a Part-time Employee a Natural, Foster, or Step-Parent and so on. The set of roles (and the choice of variant) may change at ran time. We need to change the type without losing the object s identity. 

Therefore, the controller is a linear time-invariant controller, and no online optimization is needed. Linear control theory, for which there is a vast literature, can equivalently be used in the analysis or design of unconstrained MPC (Garcia and Morari, 1982). A similar result can be obtained for several MPC variants, as long as the objective function in Eq. (4). remains a quadratic function of Uoptfe+ -iife and the process model in Eq. (22) remains linear in Uoptfe+f-ife. Incidentally, notice that the appearance of the measured process output y[ ] in Eq. (22) introduces the measurement information needed for MPC to be a feedback controller. This is in the spirit of classical hnear optimal control theory, in which the controlled... 

The objective of this test method is to measure the cohesive stress and the time to failure of a crystalline polymer craze layer under rapid, uniform extension. The method is an impact variant of the Full Notch Creep test used by Fleissner [12], Duan and Williams [13], Pandya and Williams [14] and others. The specimen (Fig. 2), a square-section tensile bar, is injection moulded. At the mid-plane of the gauge length a sharp, deep circumferential notch reduces the cross-section to about one fifth of its original area. This notch plane is formed by a moulded-in, hardened steel washer. Specimens were injection moulded at 210°C into a warm (100°C) mould and air cooled to 40 C using a hold pressure of 45-50 bar. 

Different costs of curtailment can be assigned to the different (types of) DG units via the objective function of an OFF tool. The curtailments of all DG units, for each sampled variant, are calculated by such a tool, while accounting for the Principle of Access (PoA) of each DG unit. PoA defines the priority of curtailment of the different DG units contributing to the same congestion some can export the power they produce at any time, others are guaranteed to do so only in the N situation, while others are likely to be curtailed in any topology, depending on the contractual characteristics of their connection. 

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