Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy scattering sample

Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, i. e., lifetime measurement, has several advantages over the steady-state measurements described above. These include insensitivity to variables that may affect fluorescence measurements such as turbidity or scattering in the samples, photobleaching, changes in fiuo-rophore concentration, and optical misalignment. The presence of different lifetimes from samples with similar featureless spectra can provide unambiguous identification of the species. Lifetime measurements are also more sensitive to the fluorophore micro-environment. In spite of these advantages, there have been limited lifetime studies on DOM in seawater [50,51,58] and natural freshwater samples of DOM [58]. 

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