Time-delayed-integration

Dyck [8.104] reported that a 1024 x 64 element silicon imager, which can be used both in both the storage and time-delay-integration (TDI) modes, has shown high saturation capability (10 electrons per pixel) with a total surface uniformity of 1-3 % and a 50% quantum efficiency when operated in the storage mode. The rms noise was less than 200 electrons per pixel but the actual value was not reported. When operated in the TDI mode as a line scan imager the sensitivity was said to increase by a factor of 64 over a simple line scan image sensor of equal size elements (20 pm x 20 pm). 

RB Bilhom. Scanning multichannel spectrometer using a charge-coupled device (CCD) in time-delayed integration (TDI) mode. U.S. Patent 5,173,748 (December 22, 1992). 

Figure 7.1 Evolution of detectors for imaging, (a) Single element showing a two-dimensional raster, (b) Single row of elements used in a pushbroom scan, (c) Four rows of elements w/scan in one dimension and time-delayed integration (TDI). (d) A two-dimensional array.

Figure 13 Timing diagram for the clean HMBC experiment with an initial second-order and terminal adiabatic low-pass 7-filter.42,43 The recommended delays for the filters are the same than for a third-order low-pass J filter. <5 and 8 are gradient delays, where 8 — <5 + accounts for the delay of the first point in the 13C dimension. The integral over each gradient pulse G, is H/2yc times the integral over gradient G2 in order to achieve coherence selection. The recommended phase cycle is c/)n = x, x, x, x 3 — 4(x), 4(y), 4( x), 4(—y) with the receiver phase c/)REC = x, x.

The steady-state luminescence of water-organic complexes is strong and conceals the weaker characteristic luminescence of uranium containing centers, which can be detected by the difference in decay times only. The reason is that the decay time of water-organic complexes is characterized by two time intervals less then 30 ns and more then 10 ms. Since the uranium centers have decay times in the microseconds range, it is possible to detect them by time-resolved spectroscopy. In the time-delayed laser-induced spectroscopy, the luminescence spectra are recorded at a fixed moment after a laser pulse. These spectra maybe different from the integrated steady-state ones since after a certain time short luminescence will be practically absent. 

Cross-correlation measurements with time delay do not record these simultaneous diagonal contributions, which give rise to LO shot noise in autocorrelation measurements. In our schemes, these contributions have the form of a single directional integral N f Because of the even symmetry of (u ), this... 

Fig. 1. TRJPES of azobenzene with 330nm excitation and 200nm ionisation (left) and global fit (right). The two-dimensional spectrum (contour plot) shows the photoelectron spectra along the x-axis (integrated spectrum shown at bottom) and the evolution with the pump-probe time delay on the y-axis (integrated decay trace shown on the left).

The energy of the laser pulse is measured using an integrating sphere and a (GeGaAs) photodiode, integrated by a boxcar. To ensure that mass spectra and laser energies are recorded in pairs, a home built amplitude to time converter is used to write the energy as a time delay at the end of each mass spectrum. 

It is clear that the unmistakable resonance fingerprint provided by a narrow Lorentzian peak in the integral cross section (ICS) will be rare for reactive resonances in a collision experiment. However, a fully resolved scattering experiment provides a wealth of data concerning the reaction dynamics. We expect that the state-to-state differential cross sections (DCS) as functions of energy can be analyzed, using various methods, to reveal the presence of reactive resonances. In the following subsections, we discuss how various collision observables are influenced by existence of a complex intermediate. Many of the resonance detection schemes that have been proposed, such as the use of collision time delay, are purely theoretical in that the observations required are not currently feasible in the laboratory. Nevertheless, these ideas are also discussed since it is useful to have method available... 

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