Tigris

A similar connection between the world around us and cosmology can be found in the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. The Earth was regarded as a flat disc, surrounded by a vast hollow space which was in turn surrounded by the Armament of heaven. In the Sumerian creation myth, heaven and Earth formed... 

Turkey Tigris River (contaminated by wastes from smelter) ... 

Gumgum, B., E. Unlu, Z. Tez, and Z. Gulsun. 1994. Heavy metal pollution in water, sediment and fish from the Tigris River in Turkey. Chemosphere 29 111-116. 

DouAbul, A.A., H.T. Al-Saad, A.A. Al-Timari, and H.N. Al-Rekabi. 1988. Tigris-Euphrates Delta a major source of pesticides to the Shatt al-Arab River (Iraq). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 405-418. 

Turner, F.B., P. Licht, J.D. Thrasher, P.A. Medica, and J.R. Lannom, Jr. 1971. Radiation-induced sterility in natural populations of lizards (Crotaphytus wislizenii and Cnemidophorus tigris). Pages 1131-1143 in D.J. Nelson (ed.). Radionuclides in Ecosystems. Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology. May 10-12, 1971, Oak Ridge, TN. Vol. 1. Available from Natl. Tech. Infor. Serv., Spring-field, VA 22151. 

Spielman, J.S (2000) Olfactory enrichment for captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo), using a synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone. Unpublished MSc. thesis, University of Edinburgh. 

Williams, N., Chapman, J., and Plowman, A. (1999) Olfactory enrichment for big cats, Panthera leo persica and Panthera tigris sumatrae. In V. Hare and K.Worley (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, pp. 300-303. 

Amur tiger, see Panthera tigris altaica Amygdala... 

Smith, J. L. D., McDougall, C., and Michelle, D. (1989). Scent marking in free-ranging tigers, Panthera tigris. Animal Behaviour 37,1-10. 

The Middle Eastern traditions stem from the ancient civilizations of the area known as the Fertile Crescent. This area stretches from the eastern Mediterranean coast that is now part of Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, to the fertile lands that exist between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as they flow to the Persian Gulf. To the ancient Greeks this eastern end was known as Mesopotamia and it is now part of Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. Unlike Egypt, with its insular and stable culture, the Fertile Crescent was inhabited by several cultures, which migrated, conquered, and merged over the centuries. 

DouAbul, A.A., H.T. Al-Saad, A.A. Al-Timari, and H.N. Al-Rekabi. 1988. Tigris-Euphrates Delta a major source of pesticides to the Shatt al-Arab River (Iraq). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 405-418. Dowd, P.F., G.U. Mayfield, D.P. Coulon, J.B. Graves, and J.D. Newsom. 1985. Organochlorine residues in animals from three Louisiana watersheds in 1978 and 1979. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 3 832-841. Eisenberg, M. and J.J. Topping. 1985. Organochlorine residues in finfish from Maryland waters 1976-1980. 

Hu Gu (Tigris av) can be replaced by Qian Nian Jian (Homalomenae rhizoma] and the bones of cat, pig or ox. 

Figure 8. Color variations in contemporary brick formed of Tigris River deposited clay and fired in a scove kiln near Baghdad...

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