Throttling orifice

THROTTLING ORIFICE (.041 INCH DIAMETER) PAPER DISK. 003 INCH THICK... 

Driskell [6] has given a plausible assumption that the two fluids travel through the throttling orifice as a homogeneous mixture at approximately the same velocity. He applied the gas expansion factor to the gas fraction only, and not to the total mixture. C, for liquid-gas mixtures can be expressed as follows ... 

Throttling of a gas is carried out by means of a nozzle placed in a delivery pipeline before a separator. The gas flow velocity in a nozzle consisting of a conic throttling orifice with a narrowed cross-section is increased, and therefore the pressure and temperature of the gas decrease. 

In order to avoid coatings, the evaporation in the heating body is suppressed by placing the separator on a higher position as shown in Figure 11.8, or in other cases by means of a throttling orifice downstream of the heating body. 

General Principles The underlying principle of an ideal area meter is the same as that of a head meter of the orifice type (see subsection Orifice Meters ). The stream to be measured is throttled by a constriction, but instead of observing the variation with flow of the differential head ac-ross an orifice of fixed size, the constriction of an area meter is so arranged that its size is varied to accommodate the flow while the differential head is held constant. 

The orifice, the venturi, and the nozzle are instruments for the measurement of duct or pipe flow rate. A constriction, throttling the flow, is placed in the duct, and the resulting differential pressure developed across the constriction is measured. It is the difference in the geometric shape that characterizes the three devices see Fig. 12.22. 

EXAMPLE Throttling or Joule Thompson Effect. PROBLEM If a gas of 0.8 Sp. Gravity at 2,000 5 Abs. and 200°F expands through a small orifice without the addition or subtraction of heat and is brought finally to its initial velocity and a pressure of 50 Abs., what is its temperature ... 

This equation can be used for an orifice plate introduced into pipework as a measuring, throttling or balancing device, and for a jet discharging gas into the injector of a burner at atmospheric or sub-atmospheric pressure. 

Purposeful hydrodynamic cavitation in a chemical reactor can be created in two ways. One alternative is to let the hquid pass through a throttling valve, orifice... 

The interface with the process at the other end of the control loop is made by the final control element. In a vast majority of chemical engineering processes the final control element is an automatic control valve which throttles the flow of a manipulated variable. Most control valves consist of a plug on the end of a stem that opens or closes an orifice opening as the stem is raised or lowered. As sketched in Fig. 7.5, the stem is attached to a diaphragm that is driven by changing air pressure above the diaphragm. The force of the air pressure is opposed by a spring. 

A design of a Y-type micro mixer with a Venturi-type throttle (a tiny orifice which opens like a diffuser to the mixing channel) at the connection of feed branches and... 

The diameter of the orifice should be small relative to the channel dimensions but if it is too small, excessive throttling caused by it may be a source of error, as the observer may believe equilibrium has been attained when this is not the case. Also, any slight leakage from the... 

CaviMax is a constant, high-flow-rate, single-orifice instrument with a maximum pressure of 8 MPa and orifices that can be interchanged in the range of 1.25 to 2.90 mm. The bubble dynamics can be further controlled through the use of a flow-throttling valve located just after the cavitation recovery zone. Other high-volume processors are available but were not used in this study. 

Inspect in areas in which the piping is anticipated to have experienced metal loss because it was affected by velocity or turbulence. Prime inspection areas include the outer surfaces of piping bends and elbows, areas around tees, piping around reducers, orifice plates, and throttling valves and the piping downstream from them. 

Flow processes accompanied by sharp reductions in pressure are called expansi processes. They include flow through nozzles, through turbines or expande and through throttling devices such as orifices and valves. 

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