Three-dimensional topological quantum field

B. Three-Dimensional Topological Quantum Field Theory... 

In recent years, the topological analysis of the three-dimensional scalar fields [87-95], such as electron density [55, 67, 92, 95-97], the Laplacian of the electron density [68, 92], the electron localization function (ELF) [94, 98], and molecular electrostatic potential, have been widely used to discern chemical structure and reactivity. This procedure, named quanmm chemical topology (QCT) [99] has been utilized for the study of chemical stmcture and reactivity [100-106]. Since its origins, the well-known approach of the atoms in molecules quantum theory (QTAIM), has evolved to be an invaluable tool for the chemical interpretation of quantum mechanical data, which relies on the properties of the electron density p(r) when atoms interact. Excellent reviews on QTAIM methods have been published elsewhere [69, 96, 107-109]. 

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