Thermoelectric refrigeration

Goldsmid, H.J. (1964) Thermoelectric Refrigeration (Plenum Press, New York). 

Figure 3.12. The overall view of the goniostat of the Scintag XRD-7 powder diffractometer. This diffractometer has the horizontal goniometer axis, stationary x-ray source and synchronized rotations of both the detector arm and sample holder. The goniometer is equipped with a thermoelectric refrigerator-cooled solid-state detector, which enables the monochromatization of the diffracted beam by selecting a narrow energy window thus registering only characteristic energy photons. (Courtesy of Scintag, Inc.)...

J. Sharp, J. Bierschenk, H. B. Lyon. Overview of solid-state thermoelectric refrigerators and possible applications to on-chip thermal management. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 94, No. 8, Aug. 2006, pp. 1602 - 1612. 

The EMF measured by a readout device reflects the difference between the temperatures of the measuring junction and the reference junction thus, the temperature at the reference junction must be properly controlled. It is usually maintained at the freezing point of water (0°C) by using an ice bath (Fig. 16.23). The ice bath should be a mixture of crushed ice and pure water in a Dewar flask with considerably more ice than liquid. It can be very accurate but not too convenient in some applications, since frequent replacement of melted ice is required. With a thermoelectric refrigeration system [36], ice can be maintained by cooling the bath of water with thermoelectric cooling elements. 

What physical property does thermoelectric refrigeration utilise ... 

PELTIER EFFECT - When direct current is passed through two adjacent metals one junction will become cooler and the other will become warmer. This principle is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration. 

THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION - Where refrigeration is produced by the passage of electric current through two dissimilar materials. 

Thermoelectric Refrigeration, 1964 Electrical Resistance of Metals 1965 Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, 1966 Safety with Cryogenic Fluids, 1967... 

Goldsmid, H. J. (1964). Thermoelectric refrigeration. New York Plenum Press. 

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